De schoolstrijd (The School Struggle) Article 17 of the Belgian 1831 constitution deals with freedom of education. The article stipulates on
With The End of History and the Last Man Francis Fukuyama proclaims the victory of Western democracy over communism and all other ideologies.
Facilitated by the two emerging scientific disciplines of ethnology and anthropology, ‘ethnological exhibitions’, also referred to as human z
Madison Grant was an American writer and zoologist known primarily for his work as a eugenicist. The subtitle of the book refers to the key t
Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911-2004) was a Hollywood actor and an American politician who served as the 40th President of the United States from
The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) was an organisation, founded in 1950 at a conference that gathered a group of anti-communist intellec
Esperanto is the mostly widely used artificial language in the world. In 1887, Ludwik Zamenhof (1859-1917), the inventor of Esperanto, publis
The Corn Campaign The Corn Campaign was the mass introduction of corn into the agriculture of the USSR in the 1950s and 1960s as a solution t
Socialist Realism was an artistic phenomenon and 'creative method' of the Soviet Union. Introduced as a doctrine of the single creative metho
Sir Francis Galton introduced the very term eugenics and laid the foundations for a movement that would develop in the following decades. Ins
The Novosti Press Agency was founded in 1961. The Agency operated as an impressive propaganda machine with numerous branches all around the w
Following the abolition of slavery by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, the United States experienced a century of legally regulated racial
Objectivisme Ayn Rand, originally Alisa Rosenbaum (1905-1982), was a Russian-American writer. Famous primarily for her novels that gained wor
Modernism in architecture became an international movement by 1928 with the establishment of the Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Modern
OSPAAAL The Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America (OSPAAAL) was founded in Havana, Cuba, in Januar
In 1930, after 1885 and 1894, Antwerp organised a world exhibition. It would be the third and last time. For Antwerp, the International Exhib
South Africa was already experiencing racial segregation during British colonial rule. 'Apartheid' refers to the government policy of segrega
Bandung Conference On April 18-24, 1955, leaders from twenty-nine Asian and African countries, most of which were newly independent, gathere
In 1950, a group of scientists from the University of California, Berkeley – a philosopher/sociologist and three psychologists: Theodor W. Ad
These two exhibitions, which took place in New York three years apart, are often regarded together, as both were heavily orientated towards t
Das Wunder des Lebens was a propaganda exhibition organised to promote the racial ideology of the Nazis. It was shown in Berlin at the Kaiser
American author and daughter of Theodora Kroeber Ursula Le Guin (1929-2018) is best known for her science fiction books from the late 1960s o
Eugenics is the set of theories and practices aimed at improving the inheritable qualities of the human race, and engineering a better societ
One of the most striking historical examples of ideological monoculture in the cultural field was of ‘entartete kunst’ (‘degenerate art’) in
Négritude was conceived as an emancipatory cultural movement, initiated in the Interwar period by francophone intellectuals of the African di
1er Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres (The First World Festival of Negro Arts) was held in Dakar, Senegal, 1–24 April 1966, initiated by Léopo
Leo Frobenius (1873-1938) was a German ethnologist, archaeologist, and proponent of a culture-historical approach to ethnology. He is also co
The culture of nationalities, which was developing in the USSR under the concept of “national in form and socialist in content”, was consider
